Figure 1. (A) Schematic of the principle of insertion and disinsertion in the electrode materials. (B). Structure of lithium ion batteries. Reproduced with permission from Nishi (2001). Contact online >>
Figure 1. (A) Schematic of the principle of insertion and disinsertion in the electrode materials. (B). Structure of lithium ion batteries. Reproduced with permission from Nishi (2001).
Figure 2. (A) Battery production in Japan for the year 2013. Secondary batteries (rechargeable) represent 39% while primary batteries (including lithium metal, zinc silver oxide and Zn-MnO2) represent 61%. Adapted from Julien et al. (2016). (B) The worldwide rechargeable battery market, in volume, MWh, 1995–2015, reproduced with permission from Pillot4. (C) Forecasts for automobile rechargeable battery market, M$ for x-EV 2000–2025, reproduced with permission from Pillot3.
Figure 4. (A) Schematic design of lithium ion battery pack with aluminum foam between heat spreader and the battery. Adapted from Saw et al. (2017). (B) Remote battery monitoring centers linking BMS to big data facilities. Adapted from Xiong et al. (2018).
Figure 5. (a–c) “Lithium metal deposition at high current density (≈50 mA cm−2) propagates into densely pressed polycrystalline β-Li3PS4 from a brass tip electrode. (d) Viewed in transmission optical microscopy, the lithium metal network shows a branching pattern. (e) The starting as-pressed surface of the β-Li3PS4 polycrystal exhibits sub-micrometer (≈200 nm length scale) cracks or pores.” Both figure and caption are reproduced with permission from Porz et al. (2017).
Figure 6. (A) Schematic illustration of the potential vs. Li/Li+ and the corresponding capacity density of active present anode materials for lithium ion batteries. Reproduced with permission from Goriparti et al. (2014). (B) Safety tests on a full cell using nail penetration (a) Carbon/LMO and (b) MSNP-LTO/LMO cells. (c,d) Overcharge tests displaying Tsurface and V of Carbon/LMO (c) and MSNP-LTO/LMO (d). Reproduced with permission from Amine et al. (2010).
Figure 7. (A) Thermal stability of the common lithium ion batteries cathode materials6. (B) Accelerated Rate Calorimetry data of a 18,650 full cell displaying normalized self-heating rate. Improving cathode stability results in a higher thermal runaway temperature (increased stability) and a slow heating rate. Printed with permission from Roth and Doughty (2006).
Figure 10. (A) Structure of hydrofluoroelectrolyte, adapted from Nagasubramanian and Fenton (2013). (B) Dual electrolyte concept scheme adapted from Wang et al. (2015). (C) Lithium ionic conductivities of most common solid-state electrolytes. The highlighted zone represents the thermal stability domain of liquid electrolytes. Printed with permission from Park et al. (2018).
Figure 11. (A) The composition of SiO2@(PI/SiO2) hybrid separator. (B) Performances of SiO2@(PI/SiO2) vs. conventional polyolefin separators. (C) Synthetic steps of SiO2@(PI/SiO2). Reproduced with permission from Kong et al. (2018b).
Figure 12. (A) Voltage profile at 0.1C at 25°C, (B) Rate capability at 25°C, (C) Room temperature cyclability at 1C. (D) Cyclability at 120°C. (E,F) Schematic representation of the separator/electrode contact and its mechanism of lithium ion transport for pristine PI separator and in situ SiO2@(PI/SiO2) hybrid separator, respectively. Reproduced with permission from Kong et al. (2018b).
Keywords: lithium ion batteries, batteries safety, thermal runaway, smart separators, lithium dendrites suppression, electrolyte safety, structured current collectors
Citation: Ould Ely T, Kamzabek D and Chakraborty D (2019) Batteries Safety: Recent Progress and Current Challenges. Front. Energy Res. 7:71. doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2019.00071
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