Additionally, a BMS may calculate values based on the items listed below, such as:[1][4]
The central controller of a BMS communicates internally with its hardware operating at a cell level, or externally with high level hardware such as laptops or an HMI.[clarification needed]
High level external communication is simple and uses several methods:[citation needed]
A BMS may protect its battery by preventing it from operating outside its safe operating area, such as:[1][10]
A BMS may also feature a precharge system allowing a safe way to connect the battery to different loads and eliminating the excessive inrush currents to load capacitors.
In order to maximize the battery''s capacity, and to prevent localized under-charging or over-charging, the BMS may actively ensure that all the cells that compose the battery are kept at the same voltage or State of Charge, through balancing. The BMS can balance the cells by:
Some chargers accomplish the balance by charging each cell independently. This is often performed by the BMS and not the charger (which typically provides only the bulk charge current, and does not interact with the pack at the cell-group level), e.g., e-bike and hoverboard chargers. In this method, the BMS will request a lower charge current (such as EV batteries), or will shut-off the charging input (typical in portable electronics) through the use of transistor circuitry while balancing is in effect (to prevent over-charging cells).
Centralized BMSs are the most economical, least expandable, and are plagued by a multitude of wires.Distributed BMSs are the most expensive, simplest to install, and offer the cleanest assembly.Modular BMSes offer a compromise of the features and problems of the other two topologies.
Before we delve into a comprehensive explanation of the battery management system architecture, let’s first examine the battery management system architecture diagram. By referring to the BMS architecture diagram, we can gain a basic understanding of the overall structure.
The architecture is a systematically thought-out and well-balanced decision, under the constraints of existing resources, resulting in a clear system framework: including subsystems, modules, components, their constraints, and guiding principles. Now, let’s take a closer look at the architecture of the battery management system design.
The Battery Monitoring Unit (BMU) plays a crucial role in the BMS architecture by continuously measuring essential battery parameters such as voltage, current, temperature, state of charge (SOC), and state of health (SOH). As the vigilant eyes and ears of the BMS, the BMU ensures real-time monitoring of the battery’s condition and performance.
Accurate data collection by the BMU is of paramount importance for effective battery management. Precise measurement of voltage, current, and temperature allows the BMS to make informed decisions regarding charging, discharging, and cell balancing. The BMS can enhance battery performance, prolong battery lifespan, and ensure the safety and efficiency of battery operation through precise data utilization.
Cell balancing is a critical function in the architecture of battery management system that ensures equal charge and discharge distribution among battery cells. In a battery pack with multiple cells, variations in cell characteristics may lead to imbalances, reducing overall battery efficiency and lifespan. Cell balancing circuitry steps in to rectify these imbalances and ensure uniform energy distribution among cells.
The BMS utilizes various cell balancing methods, including passive, active, and hybrid approaches. Passive balancing involves the use of resistor networks to release surplus energy from cells with higher voltage levels. Active balancing utilizes active switches to redistribute energy among cells actively. Hybrid balancing combines passive and active techniques for a balanced and efficient approach. The selection of the cell balancing technique relies on the particular needs of the battery pack and the performance objectives.
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