Electric vehicles (EVs) are powered by batteries that can be charged with electricity. All-electric vehicles are fully powered by plugging in to an electrical source, whereas plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) use an internal combustion engine and an electric motor powered by a battery to improve the fuel efficiency of the vehicle.
All-electric vehicles, also known as battery electric vehicles, rely on batteries to power one or more electric motors. The battery is charged by plugging the vehicle into an electric source and through regenerative braking.
Most electric vehicles can travel from 150–400 miles on a fully charged battery, depending on the model, driving conditions, and driving habits. This is well within the range of 90% of all U.S. daily household trips (100 miles).
PHEVs can travel moderate distances of about 15–60 miles on electricity alone. The gasoline fuel kicks in to power the engine when the battery is mostly depleted, during rapid acceleration, at high speeds, or when intensive heating or air conditioning is required.
When running on battery power alone, PHEVs produce no tailpipe emissions. Even when conventional fuel is powering the engine, technologies such as regenerative braking that boost vehicle efficiency mean that PHEVs typically consume less gasoline and produce fewer emissions than similar conventional vehicles.
PHEVs can be fueled with conventional gasoline without needing to be electrically charged before driving, but they will not achieve maximum fuel economy or take full advantage of their electric capabilities without being charged. The battery of a PHEV can be charged by plugging it into an electric power source, through regenerative braking, and by the engine.
Although EVs generally cost more up front than conventional vehicles, both new and used clean vehicles are eligible for federal tax credits, which can reduce initial costs.
In addition, lower fueling and maintenance costs can make them cost-competitive in the long term. Electricity is less expensive than gasoline or diesel on an energy-equivalent basis; EV drivers can save as much as $14,500 in fuel costs alone over 15 years.
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