Over the past few years, an effective energy policy was adopted towards sustainable energy aiming at substantially in achieving energy security by diversifying energy sources and forms imported, developing and utilizing traditional and renewable local energy sources. Furthermore, it adopted liberalizing energy markets policy including
In recent years, the energy sector has adopted a clear policy aimed at achieving energy supply security. This involves diversifying imported energy sources and forms, developing and exploiting both conventional and renewable local energy sources, and transitioning towards sustainable energy practices. Additionally, a policy has been
Jordan Energy Strategy Action Plan 2020-2030 Second Edition. TRANSLATED, EDITED & DESIGNED BY VIVIAN ALBER YALDA/MINISTRY OF ENERGY & MINERAL RESOURCES © 2020. Sector Electricity. PROGRAM 1: DIVERSIFICATION OF ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION SOURCES.
Investment in Jordan''s energy sector, in contrast to energy sector growth in Egypt, Israel, and other regional powers, is largely fueled by the country''s lack of conventional energy sources. This has propelled the nation to secure hydrocarbon imports and increase alternative energy production to protect itself from the external supply
Jordan has historically imported more than 90 percent of its energy needs to satisfy domestic demand, a practice that became particularly costly and unsustainable in the midst of the Arab Spring. Repeated attacks on the Arab Gas Pipeline, which supplied Jordan with approximately 80 percent of its gas needs prior to February 2011, caused losses of $4 to $5 billion by November 2012.[1]
For instance, in February 2012 Egyptian gas imports, on which Jordan relied heavily for electricity generation, came to a halt after an assault on the pipeline.[2] The disruption forced Jordanian power plants to shift to fuel oil and diesel for electricity generation, an expensive alternative.
With no proven exploitable hydrocarbon reserves—apart from the minor Risha gas field near the Iraqi border[3]—and an arid climate that prevents hydropower electricity generation, Jordan''s incentive to defend itself from external supply shocks is clear. This incentive has translated into energy supply safeguards and fuel diversification measures, such as inaugurating a liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminal at the port of Aqaba to enable LNG imports, and developing alternative energy capacity.[4]
The diversification of Jordan''s energy mix represents the nation''s overarching strategy to secure supply and achieve a viable energy industry. A healthy mix of energy to generate electricity will create supply side macroeconomic buffers and increase the nation''s energy independence. Jordan has already promulgated its 2015 and 2020 fuel mix targets, which focus on reducing oil products, increasing and then maintaining natural gas inputs, and introducing significant alternative energy capacity, including renewable, nuclear, and oil shale sources.[5]
While Jordan''s plan to reduce oil products from its fuel mix is an environmentally sound policy, monetary savings achieved by substituting oil products with natural gas and other primary energy sources will depend largely on global oil prices, which were far higher when Jordan began planning this strategy.
Jordan''s primary strategy to secure natural gas is through the international market; its new LNG terminal allows imports of up to 400 million cubic feet of gas per day.[7] The terminal received its first shipment of LNG from Singapore of Qatari gas in late May 2015,[8] and is expected to play a major role in securing stable natural gas access.
A less expensive option would be to import gas from Israel''s Leviathan and Tamar natural gas fields, as there would be no liquefaction or re-gasification costs involved. Yet the Jordanian populace, about half of which is estimated to be of Palestinian origin, is opposed to cooperation with Israel, especially in a situation implying Jordanian dependence on its western neighbor or indirectly implicating Jordan funding conflicts in Gaza.
However, with facilitation from the United States, which has an interest in Jordan maintaining pro-Western policies—and therefore pro-Western energy providers—a memorandum of understanding (MoU) for a $12 billion gas deal was signed between Noble Energy, the Texas-based operating partner of Israel''s Leviathan gas field, and Jordan. Separately, the Jordanian potash industry signed a $500 million deal with Noble Energy to import Israeli natural gas over 15 years.[9] The deal should reduce the nation''s gas import bill.
Despite the political cover provided by signing deals with Noble Energy rather than with the Israeli government, the agreements face strong opposition. Jordan''s parliament has moved to limit the amount of gas purchased from Israel,[10] and civil society opposition groups have formed, with some adopting the slogan, "Gas from the Enemy is Occupation."[11]
From a commercial standpoint, Jordan''s acceptance of Israeli gas would likely reduce rates for electricity consumers, encouraging economic growth. Regardless, the country''s new LNG facility should prove a strategic asset, as it will allow Jordan to import gas from the international market if regional deals unravel.
Oil and oil shale are still projected to constitute 54-62 percent of Jordan''s fuel mix through 2020.[12] As a result, Jordan has been pursuing plans to develop its shale reserves. Though traditional oil products will play a larger role in Jordan than any other energy source in the foreseeable future, oil shale development is perhaps equally important, as the nation''s shale deposits will aid Jordan''s energy independence strategy.
If all hydrocarbon plans come to fruition, the port of Aqaba could become a regional energy hub, allowing Jordan to re-export oil and gas to the region, assuming imported hydrocarbons are not subject to destination clauses.
Jordan''s target to cover 10 percent of energy demand with renewable generation by 2020 is well underway,[21] with 212 MW of solar capacity installed in 2014[22] and at least 400 MW of solar capacity assigned through auctions in 2015.[23]
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