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This research examines the detrimental impact of imbalanced and uniform irradiance alteration, as well as the rapid change in load demand, on the output choices of SMC energy management. Next, we assess the precision of transitioning between different energy management modes in response to varying levels of sunlight and changing power requirements for photovoltaic, proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PV PEMFC) systems and battery outputs. In the end, the contribution to this paper is:
This study offers practical insights into the implementation and real-world performance of the proposed energy management strategy through detailed simulations and performance evaluations. Finally, this research emphasizes the significance of regulatory assistance and policy modifications in facilitating the extensive implementation of renewable energy technologies. This study seeks to provide information to policymakers, industry stakeholders, and researchers and contribute to the ongoing discussion on sustainable energy solutions by highlighting these crucial aspects.
The following section of this article will focus on the proposed Multi-source renewable system in "Configuration of the proposed hybrid system". In "Suggested state machine energy management strategy", the state machine control for the MSRS is presented; "Results and discussions" presents the findings and debate of the proposed energy management under irradiation changes and various values of State of charge; and "Conclusion and future research directions" concludes with a conclusion and perspective.
The photovoltaic system is comprised of photovoltaic panels and a DC/DC converter that is regulated by a fuzzy logic maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm.
From Eq.(1), to make up a PV module, we must connect many PV cells in series (Ns) and parallel (Np); the PV module equation is represented in the equation below:
The establishment of a connection that links the photovoltaic array and the DC bus is achieved through the utilization of a buck-boost converter, enabling optimal performance; it is imperative for the system to function at its highest energy capacity. The most prevalent type of DC/DC converter is the buck-boost converter, which merges the electrical characteristics of both a buck converter and a boost converter56.
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