The clean energy revolution will require huge amounts of energy storage, to buffer against the intermittent power delivered by solar and wind. Some of that will come in the form of big battery installations – but there's a huge lithium supply shortage coming that'll raise the price of lithium-base Contact online >>
The clean energy revolution will require huge amounts of energy storage, to buffer against the intermittent power delivered by solar and wind. Some of that will come in the form of big battery installations – but there''s a huge lithium supply shortage coming that''ll raise the price of lithium-based batteries and make it very tough for Tesla-style operations to handle a big chunk of the work.
China has diversified its efforts, and indeed just this week it switched on the world''s largest flow battery, a 100-MW, 400-MWh vanadium flow battery installed in Dailan that offers relatively low-cost energy storage without using any lithium. But according to Asia Times, China is planning to lean heavily on compressed air energy storage (CAES) as well, to handle nearly a quarter of all the country''s energy storage by 2030.
Now, after several years of development by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, it has connected the world''s first 100-MW advanced CAES system to the grid, ready to begin commercial service in the city of Zhangjiakou in northern China. By designating it as "advanced," the Academy is distinguishing it from the McIntosh Plant that''s been online since 1991 in Alabama – a 110-MW CAES facility that burns its stored air with natural gas to recover energy, and is thus not a green energy storage solution.
The new Zhangjiakou plant does away with fossil fuels, using advances in supercritical thermal storage, supercritical heat exchange, high-load compression and expansion technologies to boost system efficiency. According to China Energy Storage Alliance, the new plant can store and release up to 400 MWh, at a system design efficiency of 70.4%.
The Chinese Academy of Sciences says the Zhangjiakou plant is capable of supplying the local grid with more than 132 GWh of electricity annually, taking on the peak consumption of some 40-60,000 homes. It''ll save around 42,000 tons of coal from being burned in power stations, and reduce annual carbon dioxide emissions by around 109,000 tons – the equivalent of taking about 23,700 average American cars off the road.
The Academy says this design''s low capital costs, long lifetime, safety and efficiency, along with its green credentials, position it well as "one of the most promising technologies for large-scale energy storage."
The growth of renewable power generation is experiencing a remarkable surge worldwide. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), it is projected that by 2050, the share of wind and solar in the U.S. power-generation mix will reach 38 percent, which is twice the proportion recorded in 2019. The incorporation of Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) into renewable energy systems offers various economic, technical, and environmental advantages.
By 2030, it is anticipated that renewable energy sources will account for 36 percent of global energy production. Energy storage systems will be instrumental in attaining this objective. Mechanical storage systems stand out among the available energy storage methods due to their reduced investment expenses, prolonged lifetimes, and increased power/energy ratings. Notably, commercialized large-scale Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) facilities have arisen as a prominent energy storage solution.
Since the late 1970s, (CAES) technology has been commercially available. This energy storage system functions by utilizing electricity to compress air during off-peak hours, which is then stored in underground caverns. When energy demand is elevated during the peak hours, the stored compressed air is released, expanding and passing through a turbine to generate electricity.
As per anarticle published in Energies, the CAES system follows the conventional three-phase model of a conventional gas turbine, encompassing charging, storing, and discharging.
In the charging phase, CAES makes use of off-peak and cost-effective electricity to compress ambient air. The compressed air is then stored in a dedicated pressurized reservoir, which can be either an underground cavern or an aboveground tank, typically maintained at a pressure of 40-80 bar.
During the discharge phase, the elastic potential energy stored in the compressed air is harnessed. The compressed air is drawn from the reservoir, heated, and subsequently expanded in a turbine train at high pressure and temperature. This expansion process generates electricity that can be fed back into the grid.
CAES technology encompasses different types, including adiabatic systems and diabatic systems. The key distinction between these configurations lies in how they handle the heat generated during the compression process.
The diabatic CAES systems are the first-generation technology. In these systems, ambient air is compressed using a compressor train. The compression process generates waste heat, which is then dissipated to the surrounding environment through intercoolers. During the discharge phase, fuel is combusted to heat the air before its expansion in the turbines. This combustion process allows for the generation of electricity during peak demand periods.
The adiabatic configuration of CAES has been under development since the late 1970s, aiming to address the limitations of diabatic CAES. This particular compressed air energy storage system focuses on effectively capturing and storing the waste heat generated during compression. The stored heat is then recycled to elevate the turbine inlet temperature of the compressed air during the discharge phase. As a result, the adiabatic CAES system aims to reduce or even eliminate the reliance on fossil fuels, offering a more sustainable energy storage solution.
The primary objective of I-CAES is to maintain stable compression and expansion temperatures of the compressed air during the charging and discharging processes, respectively. This is achieved by implementing a quasi-isothermal process.
On the other hand, supercritical CAES involves compressing the air to a supercritical thermodynamic state, where the waste heat generated during compression is recovered and stored in a thermal energy storage system. The compressed air is then liquefied and stored in a dedicated cryogenic tank. During the discharge phase, the liquid air is re-gasified, heated using the stored thermal energy, and subsequently expanded through a turbine train to generate electricity, which can be supplied back to the grid. This process has an efficiency of around 68%.
CAES is utilized to improve high-demand preservation, thus decreasing the electrical grid's burden. This enables energy providers to supply adequate power for the entire service area without producing additional energy during peak demand. CAES, when implemented on a lesser scale, can reduce reliance on the electrical infrastructure, thus decreasing energy costs and maintenance costs.
It can store energy for several hours to days, assuring a consistent power supply during periods of high demand or when intermittent resources are not producing. The use of CAES as a supplementary energy source contributes to the enhancement of power grid stability during periods of excessive electrical demand. In addition, these systems require relatively little upkeep compared to othermethods.
Despite such advantageous features, compressed air energy storage falls short owing to certain challenges and limitations. The scarcity of appropriate geological formations for underground caverns may hinder the extensive application of CAES. A viable geographical location is required for the integration of CAES with the energy production source. Additionally, compressing the air followed by theexpansion processes in CAES systems leads to losses of energy due to thermal dispersion, thereby reducing overall efficiency.
Even in the presence of such challenges, all over the world, CAES projects are underway. The Chinese Academy of Sciences' Institute of Engineering Thermo-physics recently activated a 100 MW compressed air energy storagefacility in Zhangjiakou, Hebei province. The facility is comprised of a multistage, high-load compressor, an expander, and a supercritical heat storage and heat exchanger with outstanding efficiency.
It is anticipated that CAES will dominate the energy storage market. According to calculations done by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, a 1000MW CAES plant incurs the following costs:
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