Interconnected geoscience is a concept advocating the application of excellent geoscience/engineering/technical work to international development that includes contextual conditions such as community, level of development, and local world views/wisdom. This diagram summarises the key ‘intercon Contact online >>
Interconnected geoscience is a concept advocating the application of excellent geoscience/engineering/technical work to international development that includes contextual conditions such as community, level of development, and local world views/wisdom. This diagram summarises the key ‘interconnected’ components of the Kiribati OTEC-seawater utilisation programme (adapted from Petterson [2]).
Geography of the Pacific Islands region. Note the archipelago nature of most PSIDS with islands scattered over large areas of ocean. AS, American Samoa; AU, Australia; CI, Cook Islands; FM, Federated States of Micronesia; FJ, Fiji; PF, French Polynesia; GU, Guam; KI, Kiribati; MH, Marshall Islands; NR, Nauru; NC, New Caledonia; NU, Niue; NZ, New Zealand; MP, Marianas Islands; PG, PNG; PN, Pitcairn; PW, Palau; WS, Samoa; SB, Solomon Islands; TK, Tokelau; TO, Tonga; TV, Tuvalu; VU, Vanuatu; WF, Wallis and Futuna.
The Pacific regions contain a wide geodiversity and present a range of ocean geological features, see text for details. Colour code: Deep blue/purple represents deepest ocean depths, pale blue represents shallower ocean, and browns and white/pale grey (within the ocean) represent topographic highs, the highest points of which form islands (acknowledgements to Google earth for the base topographic map).
Photograph of a remote island atoll from the Gilbert Group of Kiribati, Pacific Islands region. Atoll islands form annular rings of low-lying (<1–4m above sea level) made of sand, gravel and deeper igneous rock. An inner, shallower lagoon is separated from the deep ocean by the atoll islands (Photograph: Petterson).
Graph of GDP/head for Pacific Island countries and territories. GDP/head for Korea and the USA for reference. Note how the independent PSIDS have the lowest GDP/head values. Kiribati is highlighted (figures from SPC [15] and UN [16]).
Many atoll PSIDS have developed high-density concentration urban centres which attract populations from the outer islands. These islands are characterised by high densities of housing, many of which are traditional houses and some of lower-quality informal style. Examples of urbanised centres include Funafuti (Tuvalu), South Tarawa (Kiribati), and Ebeye/Majuro (Marshall Islands).
Typical traditional house in South Tarawa, Kiribati. Urban houses such as this comprise a thatched roof and cement lower part and floor. People may keep pigs close to the house if planning regulations permit. Note the sandy soils, tropical vegetation, and standing water (Photograph: Petterson).
The enchanting attractions of atoll islands (here North Tarawa, Kiribati) include the seamless change from land to ocean. Atoll islanders are equally at home on land and in the ocean and can spend much of their day working or enjoying recreation in the shallower waters that surround their low-lying islands (Photograph: Petterson).
Graph of GDP/capita vs. electricity usage per capita. See text for details [23].
Installed electricity generation for selected Pacific Island countries (data, United Nations [22]). Note the logarithmic scale on the Y-axis.
Graph of installed electricity capacity per head versus GDP/head for selected Pacific Island countries. Note how Kiribati and Solomon Islands are the least energized countries and Fiji/Marshall Islands the most energized from this analysis.
Principles of OTEC. A working fluid (R32 within closed cycle OTEC plant such as on Kiribati) is vaporised, with the vapour turning a turbine to create electricity. The vapour is cooled from deeper seawater and then heated via heat exchanges to be vaporised once more. OTEC plants can also provide desalinated drinking water and waters for agriculture/aquaculture at downstream (acknowledgements Scientific American [25]).
Temperature-entropy (heat transfer divided by the temperature). Diagram of an OTEC cycle (after [5, 6]).
Key components of 1MW OTEC plant of K-OTEC1000, which was loaded onto a barge ship for experimental tests, offshore from Busan, South Korea.
K-OTEC1000 plant onboard a barge ship in the eastern seas, near Busan, South Korea. The full extent of the OTEC plant is shown within the box in the figure. The plant was successfully tested in September, 2019, and it will be transported to South Tarawa in 2020 (Photograph: Kim).
Bathymetric map of South Tarawa showing the probable location of the 1MW OTEC plant (black diamond). Note the rapid drop-off in depth away from the atoll allowing an OTEC plant ready-access to deep water and the market of South Tarawa. South Tarawa is a seismically quiet area with extreme storm events occurring relatively infrequently and quiet seawater conditions (acknowledgements, SOPAC [27]).
Bird’s eye view/artists impression of the building for sustainable seawater utilisation Center (SSUC). Downstream utilisation of discharged seawater for district air conditioning, desalination, aquaculture, and agriculture applications will be delivered for capacity building and SDGs achievement in Kiribati and coastal communities along the tropical belt (acknowledgements, KRISO).
Bureau Veritas has issued its first Approval in Principle for an Ocean Thermal Energy Converter (OTEC) to a 1MW plant developed by the Korea Research Institute of Ships and Ocean Engineering (KRISO).
The plant will be installed off the coast of South Tarawa, Republic of Kiribati, in the South Pacific Ocean. It consists of an octagonal 6,700-tonne four-deck floating platform moored in a water depth of 1,300m. A 1,000m pipe with a 1.2m diameter will be used to pump cool water up from the depths to the plant on the platform.
Bureau Veritas'' engineers verified a metocean/hydrodynamics analysis, mooring analysis, stability analysis, and examination of the riser design and system design concept.
Approval in Principle implies that the design is feasible, achievable, and contains no technological show-stoppers that may prevent the design from being matured. It also means that the design is deemed to be suitable for use in the metocean conditions that the unit facility will be located in.
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