A solid-state battery is an electrical battery that uses a solid electrolyte for ionic conductions between the electrodes, instead of the liquid or gel polymer electrolytes found in conventional batteries.[1] Solid-state batteries theoretically offer much higher energy density than the typic Contact online >>
A solid-state battery is an electrical battery that uses a solid electrolyte for ionic conductions between the electrodes, instead of the liquid or gel polymer electrolytes found in conventional batteries.[1] Solid-state batteries theoretically offer much higher energy density than the typical lithium-ion or lithium polymer batteries.[2]
While solid electrolytes were first discovered in the 19th century, several problems prevented widespread application. Developments in the late 20th and early 21st century generated renewed interest in the technology, especially in the context of electric vehicles.
Solid-state batteries can use metallic lithium for the anode and oxides or sulfides for the cathode, increasing energy density. The solid electrolyte acts as an ideal separator that allows only lithium ions to pass through. For that reason, solid-state batteries can potentially solve many problems of currently used liquid electrolyte Li-ion batteries, such as flammability, limited voltage, unstable solid-electrolyte interface formation, poor cycling performance, and strength.[5]
Materials proposed for use as electrolytes include ceramics (e.g., oxides, sulfides, phosphates), and solid polymers. Solid-state batteries are found in pacemakers, and in RFID and wearable devices[citation needed]. Solid-state batteries are potentially safer, with higher energy densities. Challenges to widespread adoption include energy and power density, durability, material costs, sensitivity, and stability.[6]
Between 1831 and 1834, Michael Faraday discovered the solid electrolytes silver sulfide and lead(II) fluoride, which laid the foundation for solid-state ionics.[7][8]
In 2011, Kamaya et al. demonstrated the first solid-electrolyte, Li10GeP2S12 (LGPS), capable of achieving a bulk ionic conductivity in excess of liquid electrolyte counterparts at room temperature.[17] With this, bulk solid-ion conductors could finally compete technologically with Li-ion counterparts.
Researchers and companies in the transportation industry revitalized interest in solid-state battery technologies. In 2011, Bolloré launched a fleet of their BlueCar model cars. The demonstration was meant to showcase the company''s cells, and featured a 30 kWh lithium metal polymer (LMP) battery with a polymeric electrolyte, created by dissolving lithium salt in polyoxyethylene co-polymer.
In 2012, Toyota began conducting research into automotive applications.[18] At the same time, Volkswagen began partnering with small technology companies specializing in the technology.
In 2013, researchers at the University of Colorado Boulder announced the development of a solid-state lithium battery, with a solid iron–sulfur composite cathode that promised higher energy.[19]
In 2018, Solid Power, spun off from the University of Colorado Boulder,[27] received $20 million in funding from Samsung and Hyundai to establish a manufacturing line that could produce copies of its all-solid-state, rechargeable lithium-metal battery prototype,[28] with a predicted 10 megawatt hours of capacity per year.[29]
Qing Tao started the first Chinese production line of solid-state batteries in 2018 to supply SSBs for "special equipment and high-end digital products".[30]
Ford Motor Company and BMW funded the startup Solid Power with $130 million, and as of 2022 the company had raised $540 million.[38]
In September 2021, Toyota announced their plan to use a solid-state battery, starting with hybrid models in 2025.[39]
In February 2021, Hitachi Zosen announced demonstration experiments on the International Space Station. The Cygnus No. 17, launched on February 19, 2022, confirmed that all-solid-state batteries would be tested on the ISS.[40]
In January 2022, ProLogium signed a technical cooperation agreement with Mercedes-Benz. The investment will be used for solid-state battery development and production preparation.[41]
In early 2022, Swiss Clean Battery (SCB) announced plans to open the world''s first factory for sustainable solid-state batteries in Frauenfeld by 2024 with an initial annual production of 1.2 GWh.[42]
In July 2022, Svolt announced the production of a 20 Ah electric battery with an energy density of 350-400 Wh/kg.[43]
In June 2023, Maxell Corporation began mass production of large-capacity solid-state batteries. This battery has a long life and heat resistance. Production of 200 mmAh cylindrical solid-state batteries was to begin in January 2024. Size: diameter 23 mm/height 27 mm.[44]
In September 2023, Panasonic unveiled a solid-state battery for drones. It can be charged from 10% to 80% in 3 minutes and lasts for 10,000 to 100,000 cycles at 25 °C. The battery was expected to be available in the late 2020s.[45]
In October 2023, Toyota announced a partnership with Idemitsu Kosan to produce solid-state batteries for their electric vehicles starting in 2028.[46]
In October 2023 Factorial Energy opened a battery manufacturing facility in Methuen, Massachusetts, and began shipping 100 Ah A-samples to automotive partners totaling over 1,000 A-sample cells to Mercedes-Benz. Its technology uses a lithium-metal anode, quasi-solid electrolyte and high-capacity cathode. Its energy density is 391 Wh/kg.[47]
In November 2023, Guangzhou Automobile Group announced that it would adopt solid-state batteries in 2026. The company also revealed that its battery has achieved 400 Wh/kg. Mass production was scheduled to begin in 2025.[48]
On December 28, 2023, Hyundai published its patent for an "all-solid-state battery system provided with pressurizing device". The cell is a solid-state battery that maintains constant pressure regardless of charging and discharging rates. The system includes an iso-temperature element.[49]
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