Ngarenanyuki school is sited in Tanzania, Arusha region, a quite rural area. In 2003, from wood and soil dilapidated buildings, a restructuring process started and today (2016) the school hosts about 500 students. Contact online >>
Ngarenanyuki school is sited in Tanzania, Arusha region, a quite rural area. In 2003, from wood and soil dilapidated buildings, a restructuring process started and today (2016) the school hosts about 500 students.
The electric grid was not available in the area and consequently in 2013 a first rough electric infrastructure was deployed. The power source of the school was a run-off-river Micro hydropower plant (MHP) based on a 3.2 kW Banki turbine coupled with 1-phase brushless synchronous generator (230 V, 50 Hz). The water flow to the turbine is diverted from a stream, which is managed by local farmers. Therefore, water availability resulted highly variable during the day and according to the season: this used to cause many blackouts.
The frequency regulation was based on a 4 kW dump load, which dissipates the excess power in air; similarly, voltage regulation was based on a very simple self-exciter in the synchronous machine.
Just for emergency, a 5 kW petrol generator was available; both generators are designed in order to operate in a grid forming modality only, i.e., it is not possible to operate them in parallel. The power supply was managed in the school control room by means of a toggle switch to select the power source, while a group of breakers used to permit specific loads to be connected/disconnected manually. Such a configuration resulted very simplified and not efficient, i.e., a lot of energy was dissipated in the dump load.
In 2015, thanks to the research project Energy4Growing (E4G), promoted and funded by Politecnico di Milano, in collaboration with EKOENERGY, a new microgrid architecture has been designed and deployed in Ngarenanyuki. An advanced interface converter and a control switchboard have been designed in a hybrid micro-grid architecture including: 3.2 kW micro-hydro system, 5 kW diesel genset, 3 kW PV-inverter and 70 kWh battery bank (30X202 Ah/12V lead-acid batteries).
Moreover, an advanced monitoring architecture coupled with a satellite data connection has been activated, i.e., data about the micro-grid system functioning are regularly collected. Such data are crucial for both scientific research and to monitor the behavior of the system. For instance, actual micro-grid variables (voltage, current, frequency, etc.) are sampled per second and managed via a PLC data-logger. They are then processed by the E4G group and shared, in order to promote scientific studies based on "real life" data.
A. Berizzi, M. Delfanti, D. Falabretti, S. Mandelli and M. Merlo, “Electrification Processes in Developing Countries: Grid Expansion, Microgrids, and Regulatory Framework,” in Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 107, no. 9, pp. 1981-1994, Sept. 2019, doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2019.2934866
S. Mandelli, C. Brivio, M. Leonardi, E. Colombo, M. Molinas, E. Park, M. Merlo, “The role of electrical energy storage in sub-Saharan Africa”, Journal of Energy Storage, Volume 8, 1 November 2016, Pages 287-299 https://doi /10.1016/j.est.2015.11.006
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