Negative electrodes (anode, on discharge) made of petroleum coke were used in early lithium-ion batteries; later types used natural or synthetic graphite.[26] Contact online >>
Negative electrodes (anode, on discharge) made of petroleum coke were used in early lithium-ion batteries; later types used natural or synthetic graphite.[26]
The LFP battery uses a lithium-ion-derived chemistry and shares many advantages and disadvantages with other lithium-ion battery chemistries. However, there are significant differences.
Iron and phosphates are very common in the Earth''s crust. LFP contains neither nickel[33] nor cobalt, both of which are supply-constrained and expensive. As with lithium, human rights[34] and environmental[35] concerns have been raised concerning the use of cobalt. Environmental concerns have also been raised regarding the extraction of nickel.[36]
A 2020 report published by the Department of Energy compared the costs of large scale energy storage systems built with LFP vs NMC. It found that the cost per kWh of LFP batteries was about 6% less than NMC, and it projected that the LFP cells would last about 67% longer (more cycles). Because of differences between the cell''s characteristics, the cost of some other components of the storage system would be somewhat higher for LFP, but in balance it still remains less costly per kWh than NMC.[37]
LFP chemistry offers a considerably longer cycle life than other lithium-ion chemistries. Under most conditions it supports more than 3,000 cycles, and under optimal conditions it supports more than 10,000 cycles. NMC batteries support about 1,000 to 2,300 cycles, depending on conditions.[6]
The energy density (energy/volume) of a new LFP battery as of 2008 was some 14% lower than that of a new LiCoO2 battery.[45] Since discharge rate is a percentage of battery capacity, a higher rate can be achieved by using a larger battery (more ampere hours) if low-current batteries must be used.
Higher discharge rates needed for acceleration, lower weight and longer life makes this battery type ideal for forklifts, bicycles and electric cars. Twelve-volt LiFePO4 batteries are also gaining popularity as a second (house) battery for a caravan, motor-home or boat.[49]
Tesla Motors uses LFP batteries in all standard-range Models 3 and Y made after October 2021[50] except for standard-range vehicles made with 4680 cells starting in 2022, which use an NMC chemistry.[51]
As of September 2022, LFP batteries had increased its market share of the entire EV battery market to 31%. Of those, 68% were deployed by two companies, Tesla and BYD.[52]
Lithium iron phosphate batteries officially surpassed ternary batteries in 2021 with 52% of installed capacity. Analysts estimate that its market share will exceed 60% in 2024.[53]
In February 2023, Ford announced that it will be investing $3.5 billion to build a factory in Michigan that will produce low-cost batteries for some of its electric vehicles. The project will be fully owned by a Ford subsidiary, but will use technology licensed from Chinese battery company Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited (CATL).[54]
Single "14500" (AA battery–sized) LFP cells are now used in some solar-powered landscape lighting instead of 1.2 V NiCd/NiMH.[citation needed]
LFP''s higher (compared to NiMH/NiCd) 3.2 V working voltage lets a single cell drive an LED without circuitry to step up the voltage. Its increased tolerance to modest overcharging (compared to other Li cell types) means that LiFePO4 can be connected to photovoltaic cells without circuitry to halt the recharge cycle.
By 2013, better solar-charged passive infrared motion detector security lamps emerged.[55] As AA-sized LFP cells have a capacity of only 600 mAh (while the lamp''s bright LED may draw 60 mA), the units shine for at most 10 hours. However, if triggering is only occasional, such units may be satisfactory even charging in low sunlight, as lamp electronics ensure after-dark "idle" currents of under 1 mA.[citation needed]
Some electronic cigarettes use these types of batteries. Other applications include marine electrical systems[56] and propulsion, flashlights, radio-controlled models, portable motor-driven equipment, amateur radio equipment, industrial sensor systems[57] and emergency lighting.[58]
A lithium manganese iron phosphate (LMFP) battery is a lithium-iron phosphate battery (LFP) that includes manganese as a cathode component. As of 2023, multiple companies are readying LMFP batteries for commercial use.[1] Vendors claim that LMFP batteries can be competitive in cost with LFP, while achieving superior performance.[2]
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