Hydro resources are one of Georgia's most important natural riches. Approximately 300 rivers are significant for energy production, with total annual potential capacity of 15000MW and production potential of 50TWh. According to GNERC, however, only 22.5% (3380.2MW) are used for hydropower. Contact online >>
Hydro resources are one of Georgia''s most important natural riches. Approximately 300 rivers are significant for energy production, with total annual potential capacity of 15000MW and production potential of 50TWh. According to GNERC, however, only 22.5% (3380.2MW) are used for hydropower.
Georgia''s wind energy potential is estimated at 4TWh (1500MW). The average wind speed fluctuates from 2.5metres per second (m/s) to 9 m/s. The most favourable places for wind farms are being identified over the entire country.
Meanwhile, solar energy potential is high, with annual solar days ranging from 250 to 280 and amounting to 1900-2200 hours. Solar irradiance in Georgia varies between 1250kWh/m2 and 1800kWh/m2 annually, and total solar energy potential is estimated at 108MW. Household solar water heating systems have been installed in rural areas, where solar energy warms water to 40‑50°C.
Georgia''s geothermal water stock is estimated at 200‑250mcm annually. Temperatures range from 30°C to 110°C, and the total debit is 160000m3 per day. More than the 80% of geothermal deposits are in western Georgia and the Zugdidi-Tsaishi geothermal field, as well as in Abkhazia. The relatively low temperature of Georgia''s geothermal waters does not, however, allow for electricity generation.
Economically viable reserves of crude oil were estimated at 5Mt in 2012 with resources of 50Mt, and natural gas reserves at 8bcm with 102bcm of resources. Hard coal reserves were 201Mt in the same year, with 700Mt of brown coal resources, and in 2022, 16 bcm of natural gas deposits were discovered near Tbilisi. The government and the private sector continue exploration work, expecting more deposits to be found.
Reliability in both the natural gas and electricity systems is improving. According to the MoESD, there have been no major outages in recent years, owing to rehabilitation and refurbishment of gas and electricity networks. Outages and losses are reported to GNERC as part of licensing obligations and are measured by the standard System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI) and the System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI).
Electricity transmission network losses are around 2% and outages are rare. The collection rate is nearly 100% and estimated commercial losses are minimal. Technical losses in the gas sector are around 0.5% in the transmission network, and loss detection is performed during regular field visits and using the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). Equipment for loss detection includes some advanced leak detection technologies and leakage metering equipment.
The Law on the State of Emergency (2005) defines and regulates emergency response, but Georgia has no declared strategy for emergency stockholding or fuel switching mechanisms for energy supply disruptions.
The government estimates that Georgia''s minimum strategic reserve for gas should be 120mcm and is considering various storage options. Gas from the country''s proposed underground storage facility would be used to compensate for recurring winter deficits, which are expected to reach 200mcm by 2030.
Emergency oil product reserves are also being considered, to be built up by obligating oil product supply companies to hold stocks of oil products in addition to their normal operating requirements. Possible arrangements and compensation schemes are under discussion.
Despite the general trend towards hydropower development, Georgia has no formal strategy for switching away from fossil fuels. In fact, a new gas-fired thermal power plant has been constructed and another 272 MW of capacity is under way to replace old, inefficient thermal units and increase the efficiency of gas-based generation.
Georgia has gas pipeline connections with Armenia, Azerbaijan, Russia and Türkiye, and oil connections with Azerbaijan and Türkiye as well as a Black Sea oil terminal in Supsa. It imports natural gas from Azerbaijan and Russia, and transits gas from Russia to Armenia and from Azerbaijan to Türkiye and further to Europe. Georgia''s oil product imports come from Azerbaijan, Russia and Turkmenistan, and it transits crude oil from Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan to Türkiye.
The Karadaghi-Tbilisi gas interconnection is the main pipeline for Georgia to import gas from the Azeri gas field, from the State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic (SOCAR). It has a diameter of 700mm, and the Georgian section is 46km long.
More gas imports reach Georgia from Azerbaijan by way of the South Caucasus Pipeline (SCP), which transports gas from the Shah Deniz field parallel to the route of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) crude oil pipeline from Azerbaijan through Georgia to Türkiye. The SCP is 692km long (442km in Azerbaijan and 250km in Georgia), 1067mm in diameter and has a capacity of 8bcm.
With the 2019 completion of the second phase of Shah Deniz gas field developments, SCP Expansion (SCPX), and construction of the Trans-Anatolian Natural Gas Pipeline (TANAP) and the Trans-AdriaticPipeline (TAP), additional gas is now flowing to Türkiye and thence to European countries for a total volume of 16bcm. To increase system transmission capacity to 24bcm, a parallel gas pipeline and additional compressor plants (61MW each) were constructed in Georgia as part of the SCPX and commissioned in 2018.
Underground gas storage is crucial to Georgia''s energy security, to provide seasonal supply-demand balancing as well as compensate for possible supply interruptions. A 2016 feasibility study by the French company Geostock concluded that it is technically feasible to build an underground gas storage facility in the depleted Samgori Southern Arch oilfield and defined conditions for its commercial viability. However, funds allocated for the project have since been diverted into Georgia''s Covid‑19 emergency fund, so the project''s future is uncertain.
The North-South Gas Pipeline (NSGP) system is used to supply Georgia with Russian gas and transit it to Armenia. Georgia''s section of the NSGP (diameter 1200 mm; length ≈133 km; operating pressure 55 bars) was built in 1988-1994, traversing eight separate tunnels totalling 4.6 km in length. Currently, the pipeline is still used mainly to transit gas from Russia to Armenia, but significantly less than in previous years. In 2019, the pipeline transported 1.94 bcm of natural gas to Armenia and 0.17bcm to Georgia.
In the gas sector, the GOGC administers the state''s share of gas obtained under production sharing agreements (PSAs) and manages its preparation, storage, transportation and sale. The GOGC ensures the long-term sustainable development of the wholesale natural gas market to safeguard energy security, and it constructs, commissions, rehabilitates and replaces gas pipelines on Georgian territory.
Three companies extracted associated gas in 2021: Ninotsminda Oil Company, a subsidiary of Blake Oil and Gas (XIE licence block); Block Energy (XIF, XIC, XIC, XIB, IX); and NVP Georgia (VIIIB). In addition, American-owned Frontera Resources produces minor amounts of gas and has announced the discovery of huge gas reserves, although no progress or confirmation have yet followed.
In 2022, the State Agency of Oil and Gas (SAOG) announced that a 16‑bcm natural gas field had been discovered near Tbilisi. Block Energy limited liability company (LLC), the area''s current licence-holder with shares traded on the London Stock Exchange, owns the right to extract resources from the two blocks. The licence requires horizontal drilling, with Block Energy expected to start working on the project late this year or early in 2023.
GNERC determines the licensing rules and conditions for natural gas transportation and distribution, and it also regulates the tariffs for natural gas transportation, distribution, pass-through, supply and consumption.
Georgia has gas pipeline connections with Armenia, Azerbaijan, Russia and Türkiye. It imports natural gas from Azerbaijan and Russia and transits gas to Türkiye and Armenia. The 1200‑mm and 700‑mm North-South Gas Pipelines transport 2-2.4bcm of natural gas from Russia to Armenia annually. The 692‑km SCP, now operated by a SOCAR subsidiary, currently transports about 16bcm of natural gas from the Shah Deniz gas field and connects to the Turkish gas system at Erzurum; the SCPX will raise natural gas transport to 24bcm.
Cross-border agreements with suppliers in neighbouring countries are bilateral, but Georgia is also focused on developments in gas transit from the Caspian Sea to European markets, as this would diversify its imports and provide transit revenue.
Oil products made up 26.6% of Georgia''s TES in 2020, with imports coming from various countries but mostly Azerbaijan, Russia, Turkmenistan, Romania and Bulgaria.
Oil transport pipelines serve mainly for transit purposes – for exporting Azeri and Kazakh oil to the world markets. The oil pipelines passing through Georgia are directly connected to terminals on the Black Sea coast and, through Türkiye, to Mediterranean terminals and Southeast European countries.
The BTC pipeline transports crude oil from Azerbaijan via Georgia to Türkiye''s Mediterranean port of Ceyhan, and from there the oil is shipped by tanker to world markets. The BTC pipeline is 1768km long, with 443km in Azerbaijan, 249km in Georgia and 1076km in Türkiye, and has been in operation since May 2005.
Operational since 1999, the Baku-Supsa Pipeline transports crude oil from offshore oilfields in the Caspian Sea (belonging to Azerbaijan) to Supsa, Georgia, on the Black Sea, where it continues to European markets via tankers. Of the pipeline''s 829km, 375km are in Georgia, and it has a capacity of 145000barrels per day. Recent agreements between Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan and Georgia will ensure the transport of increased volumes of Kazakh oil through these pipelines.
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