Why is the policy successful and effective? What challenges lie ahead during further implementation? What lessons can one draw from the experience in the PRC? This paper attempts to address these questions, focusing on the key concern of implementation. Any program, no matter how meticulously designed, amounts to nothing if not implemented carefully.
Why is the energy reform policy of the People's Republic of China (PRC) successful and effective? What challenges lie ahead during further implementation? What lessons can one draw from the experience in the PRC? This paper attempts to address these questions, focusing on the key concern of implementation.
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is committed to achieving a prosperous, inclusive, resilient, and sustainable Asia and the Pacific, while sustaining its efforts to eradicate extreme poverty. It assists its members and partners by providing loans, technical assistance, grants, and equity investments to promote social and economic development.
The People''s Republic of China is working to peak its carbon dioxide emissions before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. The only way to achieve its climate change targets is by adopting an aggressive low carbon pathway. Reducing reliance on coal will be a major challenge for this clean energy transition.
Coal is deeply embedded in the energy system and economy of the People''s Republic of China – the world''s largest coal consumer and producer. It is widely used in electricity generation, steel and cement production, building materials, chemicals, and heating and cooling of buildings.
Due to progress made between 2011 and 2020, the country''s total coal consumption declined after 2013. It has increased again in recent years, approaching its 2013 peak, driven up by the fast-rising demand for electricity. The country''s coal consumption grew by 0.6% from 2019 to 3.86 billion tons in 2020.
The country needs to adopt a new approach to coal. A shift from controlling coal growth to accelerating a phaseout of coal in all sectors is the way forward, coupled with sufficient financial resources for long-term low-carbon investments in renewable energy, green transportation, green buildings, and low-carbon manufacturing.
During the last 10 years, renewable energy such as solar, wind, and battery storage have grown, with an average annual growth rate of non-fossil energy consumption in the total energy consumption at 0.7% since 2013. In 2020, the combined newly added capacity for wind and solar energy reached a record high of 120 GW. However, with total clean energy accounting for about a quarter of the total energy consumption more is needed in light of government commitments.
By 2020, the installed capacity for renewable energy reached 930 GW, accounting for 42.4% of the total installed capacity. The country has further committed to bringing its combined installed wind and solar capacities to more than 1.2 terawatts by 2030. As fossil fuel wanes, renewable energy needs to become the main pillar of the "new power system" proposed by the government in March 2021.
The People''s Republic of China must not only use less energy but use energy more efficiently, while reducing pollutant emissions (including greenhouse gases), consumption of natural resources, and improving energy security by reducing reliance on energy imports.
Energy conservation is dependent to a great extent on changing human behavior. But some energy efficiency measures can now be automated, e.g., through the use of automated demand response systems such as smart thermostats and other smart building energy management systems.
Electrification of transport and other infrastructure that historically rely on fossil fuels will also help improve energy efficiency on a scale that helps meet global climate change and national energy security objectives.
Moving to clean energy and carbon neutrality in the People''s Republic of China is not just a matter of phasing out coal. It will require a broad effort encompassing conservation, conversion to new energy sources and changing people''s energy consumption habits.
The Asian Development Blog is a forum for high-quality commentary and insights from ADB staff and other development experts about issues and challenges facing Asia and the Pacific.
The views expressed in these blogs are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Asian Development Bank, its management, its Board of Directors, or its members.
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