To get an accurate picture of energy efficiency in a country, it is important to first look at how and where energy is being used. Total final consumption (TFC) is the energy consumed by end users such as individuals and businesses to heat and cool buildings, to run lights, devices, and appliances, and to power vehicles, machines and factories.
One way of looking at the overall energy efficiency of a country is to measure the total energy supply per unit of economic output (here adjusted for purchasing power parity). This reflects not only energy efficiency but also the structure of the economy, with services-oriented economies generally having a lower energy intensity than those based on heavy industry.
In most countries, heating and cooling make up the largest share of energy use in homes. While air conditioners, appliances and lights generally run on electricity, combustible fuels such as natural gas, oil, coal and biomass are still widely used for heating and cooking. Electrifying these end uses, for example by replacing fossil fuel boilers with efficient electric heat pumps, will be important for reducing CO2 emissions.
Residential energy intensity is largly driven by space heating, and to a lesser extent appliances. To allow cross-country comparisons, it is measured by floor area and temperature-corrected.
In most countries, transport energy use is dominated by oil used to fuel passenger cars, trucks and airplanes. Electrification of the transport sector, for example through the widespread rollout of EVs, is an important strategy for reducing CO2 emissions.
Passenger transport intensity is measured by the average amount of energy used to move one passenger over a distance of one kilometre. Intensity levels vary across countries depending on how people get around in that country – such as the modes of tranport used (e.g. driving, flying, rail), the types of vehicles used, and the average number of passengers per vehicle.
Industrial energy sources can vary considerably between countries depending on the structure of their economies. Many industrial processes, including steelmaking, cement and chemicals, still require fossil fuels for high-temperature heat or as feedstocks.
A country''s manufacturing energy intensity largely depends on the makeup of a country''s manufacturing sector: certain industries, such as basic metals and pulp and paper, are particularly energy intensive relative to their economic contribution.
The services sector tends to be much less energy intensive than industry, with the largest share of energy in most countries being used to heat and cool buildings. The shift from an economic structure based on heavy industry to one based on services has historically been a driver of falling energy intensity of advanced economies.
WASHINGTON, June 24, 2022— The World Bank''s Board of Executive Directors approved today a $143 million concessional credit for Uzbekistan. This financing will support a project aimed at improving the energy efficiency of public buildings and enhancing the institutional and regulatory framework in the buildings sector for attracting clean energy investments.
The concessional financing is provided by the International Development Association (IDA), a member of the World Bank Group, to the Government of Uzbekistan at a low-interest rate, with a repayment period of 30 years, including a five-year grace period.
In Uzbekistan, the buildings sector accounts for 50 percent of the total final energyconsumption, followed by the industry and transport sectors at 22 percent and 20 percent, respectively. In thepublic buildings sector, heating is responsible for about 70 percent of the energy consumption in regionalhospitals, 84 percent in pre-schools, 88 percent in rural clinics, and 97 percent in public schools.
Most of the public buildings were developed in the 1970s–1980s withlittle attention to energy efficiency. Thus, the facilities are poorly insulated, operate below thermal comfort standards, and use oldboilers and water heating systems with high energy intensity.
A study conducted by the World Bank in 2021 found that the annual energy savings potential from increased energy efficiency in pre-school, public school, and health care facilities, amounts to over 7,000 GWh (thermal: around 6,810 GWh, electricity: over 240 GWh).
"This new World Bank-funded project will invest in the energy efficiency of public buildings in Uzbekistan, strengthening the building sector''s resilience to climate change and reducing energy consumption and gas emissions," said Marco Mantovanelli, World Bank Country Manager for Uzbekistan. "This is one of the projects to be implemented under a recently approvedWorld Bank''s Country Partnership Framework for 2022-2026, which, among other priorities, also aims to support the transition towards more sustainable growth in Uzbekistan."
The project activities will be implemented by the Ministry of Energy of Uzbekistan and its Intersectoral Energy Savings Fund (the IESF) created in 2020 to finance activities improving energy efficiency in industrial, social, and residential sectors.
Through this project, the IESF will be able to finance activities improving energy efficiency in facilities under the Ministry of Preschool Education, Ministry of Public Education, and Ministry of Health, which are located in rural and urban areas across the country.
The services provided by the IESF will include energy audit, design of energy efficiency measures, procurement and financing of works, as well as measurement and verification of savings.
Typical energy efficiency measures will include insulation and improvement of building envelopes, heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and lighting systems, as well as replacement of coal boilers with renewable energy options such as integrated solar electricity panels with heat pumps and/or solar collectors.
The public buildings covered by the project will be modernized to meet national thermal comfort standards and avoid their under- or overheating. The project activities will decrease energy consumption, improve air quality, the security of the energy supply, particularly during the winter months, and the quality of public services providing improved comfort to the students and patients, as well as employees of the educational and health facilities covered by the project.
In addition, the project will improve the IESF''s capacity to implement clean energy investments in various sectors. It will also help launch the National Building Energy Efficiency Program, prepare legislation regulating the clean energy investments market, as well as run public outreach activities to enhance energy efficiency awareness.
At the Oil & Fat Factory in Kattakurgan, Kamoliddin Khaitov smiles and expresses delight with the new boilers that were commissioned in 2014. As Head of the Boilers'' Facility at the factory, Kamoliddin certainly doesn''t miss the old boilers that had previously been in use since 1956. Outdated and inefficient, they initially ran on coal and were manually controlled. The new boilers, however, operate on gas and are fully automated and much easier to run. They also consume much less power and save natural gas.
Uzbekistan is one of the world''s major producers and exporters of natural gas – but it is also one of the world''s most energy-intensive economies. The country uses twice as much energy as its neighbor Kazakhstan to produce a unit of GDP, and six times as much as Germany. To improve its overall energy efficiency, therefore, Uzbekistan''s government has developed a national strategy that includes cutting energy use per unit of GDP in half by 2030.
Mining, chemicals, oil and gas, electric power, and the production of construction materials are among Uzbekistan''s most energy-hungry industries. To help these industries upgrade old and outdated industrial equipment, the World Bank has piloted a new financial approach through its Energy Efficiency Facility for Industrial Enterprises Project. With a view to saving energy and capturing heat, upgrades and improvements will range from replacing old energy-inefficient converters, compressors and boilers to capturing, recovering and re-using thermal energy.
The Energy Efficiency Project, in liaison with three commercial banks, provided financing for 32 strategic enterprises to pilot 81 sub-projects around Uzbekistan. These sub-projects will save more than 539 million kWh of electricity and 252 million m3 of gas every year – an energy saving that is large enough to supply electricity for 850,000 families annually (if one family consumes 3600 kWh).
"As of now, 79 subprojects are being implemented across the country. The total amount of these subprojects is US$160 million and IDA provides financing of US$ 128 million out of the total amount. The rest of the total amount is financed by the three banks – Hamkorbank, Asaka Bank and Uzpromstroybank and by industrial enterprises." Ulugbek Abdullaev, Project Coordination Unit Director, Ministry of Economy.
To help Uzbekistan''s energy-hungry industries upgrade old and outdated equipment, the World Bank has piloted a new financial approach through its Energy Efficiency Facility for Industrial Enterprises Project.
The Almalyk Mining and Metallurgical Plant is moving quickly to improve energy efficiency. Workers installed a new 6-kV frequency converter and retrofitted compressor stations at a zinc- and copper-smelting workshop – improvements which led to savings of 12.5 million kWt/h of electric power last year. Now, managers at the Plant are planning for three new energy efficient sub-projects in the coming years, projects that could save 17 million m3 of gas and 48 million kW/t.
Uzbekistan''s chemical industries are more than ready for energy savings. For example, the joint stock company Maksam-Chirchik, which makes agricultural fertilizers, has introduced a natural-gas fire heater which has reduced the emission of harmful substances and lowered the temperature of flue gasses emitted into the atmosphere.
Individual projects such as these help Uzbekistan to fulfill its commitments to reducing carbon emissions at international level. Although the country is rich in hydrocarbon-based energy, Uzbekistan is moving forward on investing in energy-saving technologies, applying innovative approaches to the sustainable use of energy resources and switching to renewables. This was recently demonstrated by the Uzpakhtasanoat Company, which bought 1,200 street lamps powered by solar batteries for an annual energy of 3.5 million kWt/h of electric power.
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