For warm homes, street lighting or to drive cars we need energy, which can be obtained from renewable and non-renewable sources. Energy is an area of the national economy, research and technology, covering energy production, conversion, transfer and use. Energy statistics give an overview of the production and consumption of energy by month and year as well as information about the prices of electricity, natural gas and fuels.
In Estonia, a large share of energy is still produced from non-renewable resources such as oil shale. At the same time, renewable energy is receiving more attention in the world and in Estonia – it is necessary to make sure that natural resources are preserved for future generations as well. A gradual transition to renewable energy is important for economic progress in the future. Statistics Estonia publishes annual energy efficiency indicators, which allow assessments of the share of renewable energy and energy savings.
Estonia''s electricity sector is interconnected with regional energy markets, particularly through connections with Finland, Latvia, and Russia. The direct electrical interconnection with Finland was established in 2006 and was further strengthened by the Estlink 2 interconnector in 2014. Estonia joined the Nord Pool Spot market by 2012, securing its own price area within this regional electricity market.[1]
In Estonia''s electricity market, Eesti Energia is the largest seller with a 60% market share and owns the largest distribution network, representing 86% of the distribution market. The Estonian Competition Authority (ECA) regulates transmission and distribution rates, as well as connection charges.[1]
In 2021 the electricity generated from renewable energy sources was 29.3 %, being 38% of the share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption.[4]
Oil-based fuels, including oil shale and fuel oils, accounted for about 80% of domestic production in 2016. There is also some natural gas capacity, but no coal generation.[5]The largest power complex in the country, Narva Power Plants, consists of the world''s two largest oil shale-fired thermal power plants.[6]
The complex used to generate about 95% of total power production in Estonia in 2007.[7] Falling to 86% in 2016 and 73% in 2018.
Oil shale extracted by the state-owned Eesti Energia fell from 16.6 million tons in 2016 to 7.9 million tons in 2021.[8]
Total installed wind power was 149 MW at end of 2010 and grew to 303 MW in 2014 and 329 MW in 2016. Record production of wind parks is 279 MW in 2014.[3]
Estonia has target of 14% (1.5 TWh) and total renewable electricity 1.9 TWh (17.6%). According to the national Energy Action Plan (2020) planned shares are onshore 9% and offshore 5%.[10] The state energy company Eesti Energia was interested in offshore wind energy in 2008.[11]
The rest of Estonia''s generation is from other renewable fuels. Wood-based fuels were the second largest source of power in 2016. The rest comes from waste and other biofuels, as well as a small amount of hydropower.[5]
Estonia''s grid is an important hub as it is connected to Finland in the north, Russia in the east, Latvia and Lithuania in the south. Electricity is traded on the Nordic power market Nord Pool. In 2014–2016, yearly net imports from Finland were equal to 31-67% of consumption. Meanwhile, yearly new exports to Latvia were equal to 57-84% of consumption. Some years there are also exports to Russia.[14]
It was agreed in 2018 that Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania will connect to the European Union''s electricity system and desynchronize from the Russian BRELL power system, this is expected to be completed by February 2025.[15]
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