The Republic of Armenia (Armenia) is a landlocked country in the southern Caucasus region between the Black and Caspian seas, bordered by the Republic of Türkiye (Türkiye) on the west, Georgia to the north, Azerbaijan on the east and Iran to the south. The country is approximately 29800km2 with a population of 2.969 million. Yerevan, the capital, is the largest city with 1.092million inhabitants.
Armenia''s economy has undergone numerous reforms since the economic crisis of the early to mid-1990s. It has evolved from having a Soviet-era centralised structure to a partially market-oriented economy, with privatisation of most enterprises. An influx of foreign capital and funding from donors since the early 2000s has contributed to healthy economic growth, and Armenia''s real GDP increased 5.72% per year from 2002 to 2021 (measured in USdollars at 2017 PPP prices). Real GDP per capita was USD4670 in 2021, roughly six times what it was in 2002.
Armenia''s reliance on export-oriented industries and high remittances from the Armenian diaspora (which accounted for 10.5% of GDP in 2021) expose the economy to price and demand fluctuation risks. During the latest global financial crisis, the country''s real GDP fell 15% and poverty rose from 27% in 2008 to 35% in 2011. However, targeted social expenditures and pension increases have induced economic growth, and the poverty level had fallen to 27.0% in 2020.
Lacking indigenous resources, Armenia imports natural gas and oil for most of its energy needs (78.6% of total energy supply in 2020), mainly from the Russian Federation (hereafter, "Russia"). Natural gas is imported from Russia via pipeline through Georgia, but also from Iran through a barter agreement under which it exports electricity in exchange.
Armenia also trades electricity with Georgia, though volumes are low since the countries'' networks are not synchronised. Energy interconnections with Azerbaijan and Türkiye are currently inactive for political reasons.
Prompted by a severe electricity supply crisis in the mid-1990s, Armenia has revamped its energy sector over the past 20 years. Parts of the sector have been privatised, some companies have been restructured, most households now have access to gas, and cost-reflective tariffs have been introduced. This has led to ample investment in capacity and networks, which has considerably improved reliability; funding came mainly from the donor community, upon which Armenia still relies for support.
Energy policy is now focused on developing indigenous energy sources, mainly renewables, and on extending the lifetime of the nuclear reactor that supplies nearly one-third of the country''s electricity. The government has begun to pay more attention to energy efficiency issues, and the second National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP-2) was developed in 2020.
Armenia relies on imports of natural gas and oil for most of its energy needs, which exposes it to supply risks and dependence on a single supplier. As the government considers energy security and the development of indigenous sources to be of prime importance for the energy sector, renewables and efficiency measures are key areas. To satisfy expected demand growth while increasing reliability, the government aims to increase capacity and promote domestic energy sources.
In 2014, the government developed the Scaling-Up Renewable Energy Programme Investment Plan. It is an update of the Renewable Energy Roadmap developed in 2011 and includes comprehensive analyses of renewable energy potential, costs and benefits, and the viability of specific technologies. It also sets targets and objectives for renewable energy to 2025, including a plan for financing.
The investment plan describes the first geothermal and solar PV projects, which are being developed by the government and serve as examples for other investors. Nuclear energy accounts for nearly one-third of the electricity supply and is of strategic importance. Therefore, although the existing reactor is old, its service lifetime has been extended to 2026, at which time the government intends to extend its lifetime once again to at least until 2036. This second extension is forecast to require an additional USD150‑million investment.
The government''s ambitious plan to increase renewables to 66% of the power generation mix by 2036 (from 7% in 2012) includes small hydro, wind and solar PV resources, but excludes biofuels. To reach this target, Armenia will need to have 2185MW of new renewable energy capacity installed by 2036. Estimated projected capacity additions comprise 50MW of small hydro and 141MW of large hydro, 500MW of wind, and 950MW of solar PV.
Regulatory reforms have supported power sector advances since the mid-1990s. A commitment to cost-recovery tariffs has facilitated investment in infrastructure and attracted substantial private-sector investment, resulting in improved reliability, service quality and operational efficiency.
The Ministry of Territorial Administration and Infrastructure (MTAI) is responsible for developing and implementing energy policy. It develops relevant primary and secondary legislation, as well as investment plans for state-owned enterprises. The regulator for nuclear energy is the State Nuclear Safety Regulatory Committee.
The Ministry of Nature Protection oversees the protection and conservation of natural resources and is responsible for environmental impact assessments. It is the designated national authority for projects under the Kyoto Protocol''s Clean Development Mechanism.
The Public Services Regulatory Commission (PSRC) is an independent body responsible primarily for tariff methodology and review, licensing procedures and import/export regulation. The PSRC also regulates water, waste, telecommunications and rail transport.
Armenia does not have a dedicated agency for renewable energy policies, so the Renewable Resources and Energy Efficiency (R2E2) Fund is responsible for implementing renewable energy and energy efficiency projects.
Armenia''s primary energy legislation is the Law on Energy (2001): included in it are provisions for market rules and ownership structure. The law on Energy Saving and Renewable Energy (2004) defines the policy principles for renewables and energy savings, and efficiency licensing and tariffs are regulated mainly by the PSRC''s laws on licensing and energy.
The Law on the Construction of New Nuclear (2009) legislated construction of a new 1000‑MW nuclear unit and decommissioning of the operating plant. However, for electricity supply security reasons, in 2012 a ten-year extension to 2026 was granted to Unit2 of the existing plant (commissioned in 1980), provided that rehabilitation work is carried out.
Armenia has a three-tiered judicial system consisting of courts of first instance, courts of appeal and a Supreme Court. Courts of first instance include the courts of general jurisdiction and the Administrative Court. Courts of general jurisdiction examine all civil and criminal cases, whereas administrative cases are heard by the Administrative Court.
Decisions of the courts of general jurisdiction and the Administrative Court can be appealed to the courts of appeal; these include the Civil Court of Appeal, the Administrative Court of Appeal and the Criminal Court of Appeal. The Supreme Court can review and revise rulings of the courts of appeal.
Also within the judicial system is the Constitutional Court of Armenia, the country''s highest body of constitutional justice. The Constitutional Court primarily settles disputes, assesses the conformity of laws and regulations with the Constitution, resolves election-related disputes, and assesses compliance of international treaties with the Constitution.
Disputes between foreign investors and the Republic of Armenia must be resolved in Armenian courts through the application of domestic legislation, according to the Law on Foreign Investment. In cases of mutual consent, businesses may opt to settle disputes through commercial arbitration either in Armenia or abroad. Arbitration is regulated by the Law on Commercial Arbitration, which provides a sound framework for conducting both domestic and international commercial arbitration in Armenia, and for enforcing awards made in other countries in Armenian courts of arbitration.
The government always honours arbitration judgements, and other dispute resolution procedures such as mediation, mini-trials and neutral negotiation are also available in Armenia. The Permanent Arbitration Body of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry was established in 2007 based on the Law on Commercial Arbitration, and Armenia is a signatory to the 1958 Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards. It is also a signatory to the International Convention on Investment Disputes.
The PSRC also regulates gas, water, electronic communications and thermal energy. Although energy companies may have more than one licence, the Law on Energy prescribes certain limitations on the size of shareholdings.
Electricity and natural gas tariffs are regulated by the PSRC on a cost-plus basis that allows a set rate of return for the operators after accounting for fixed and variable costs. The government applies a cost-recovery policy on tariffs, but in recent years the increasing cost of electricity services and government concern about affordability have led to a departure from cost-recovery tariffs, and subsidies and below-cost pricing have increased.
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