Total energy supply (TES) includes all the energy produced in or imported to a country, minus that which is exported or stored. It represents all the energy required to supply end users in the country. Some of these energy sources are used directly while most are transformed into fuels or electricity for final consumption.
Energy production includes any fossil fuels drilled and mined, which can be burned to produce electricity or used as fuels, as well as energy produced by nuclear fission and renewable power sources such as hydro, wind and solar PV. Bioenergy - which here includes both modern and traditional sources, including the burning of municipal waste - is also an important domestic energy source in many countries.
Imports, particularly of fossil fuels like oil, natural gas and coal, make up an important part of the energy supply in many countries. Countries that rely heavily on imported energy may be vulnerable to supply disruption from external events such as the Covid-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine. In countries that export large amounts of energy, falling energy prices can also cause major economic shocks.
Energy sources, particularly fossil fuels, are often transformed into more useful or practical forms before being used. For example, crude oil is refined into many different kinds of fuels and products, while coal, oil and natural gas can be burned to generate electricity and heat. Other forms of transformation, such as extracting gas or oil from coal, play a relatively minor role in the energy systems of most countries.
One of the most important types of transformation for the energy system is the refining of crude oil into oil products, such as the fuels that power automobiles, ships and planes.
Another important form of transformation is the generation of electricity. Thermal power plants generate electricity by harnessing the heat of burning fuels or nuclear reactions – during which up to half of their energy content is lost. Renewable power sources generate electricity directly from natural forces such as the sun, wind, or the movement of water.
Total final consumption (TFC) is the energy consumed by end users such as individuals and businesses to heat and cool buildings, to run lights, devices, and appliances, and to power vehicles, machines and factories. It also includes non-energy uses of energy products, such as fossil fuels used to make chemicals.
Some of the energy found in primary sources is lost when converting them to useable final products, especially electricity. As a result, the breakdown of final consumption can look very different from that of the primary energy supply (TES). Both are needed to fully understand the energy system.
The sectoral breakdown of a country''s energy demand, which is based on its economy, geography and history, can greatly impact its energy needs and which energy sources it relies on to meet those needs – such as fueling automobiles, heating or cooling homes or running factories.
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Power lines downed by hurricanes and wildfires. Power outages during heat waves leave millions to suffer in darkness. Our newsfeeds explode with these scenes almost daily. From generation, to transmission and distribution (T&D), to end-user demand, no part of the electricity grid is immune to the impacts of climate change. Power system operators around the world are racing to build system resilience to climate change. But how?
Strengthening power system climate resilience also requires investment in infrastructure. Deciding when and where to invest though is complex, even more so in countries or geographies where local data is scarce and risk assessment depends on an ability to work with global data and climate change models.
To assess climate change risk and recommend adaptations, Tetra Tech evaluated the vulnerability of each part of the country''s power system based on a set of criteria that define exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. Once the vulnerabilities of a specific infrastructure were identified, Tetra Tech defined and prioritized the adaptation options to address the potential risks to that infrastructure.
Using historical and projected climate data from the World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal, Tetra Tech modeled two climate change scenarios: a moderate one (SSP2-4.5) and a severe one (SSP5-8.5). Parameters included average annual precipitation, largest five-day cumulative precipitation, maximum temperature, and number of hot days (T > 35°C). For a granular assessment of climate change impacts, Tetra Tech used the climate projections tool from the ECOWAS Observatoryfor Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency.
These efforts resulted in a snapshot of two climate change scenarios in Sierra Leone. In Scenario 1 (moderate / SSP2-4.5), precipitation will increase across the country between 2030 and 2070, mainly in the northern and southern regions. In Scenario 2 (severe / SSP5-8.5), precipitation will decrease slightly between 2030 and 2050 and temperature, number of consecutive dry days, and number of hot days will increase for the whole country, with intensity varying by region.
For Sierra Leone, the Power Sector Infrastructure Feasibility Study will bolster plans to safeguard the stability of the country''s economy by helping decision makers protect the electricity grid in the face of unprecedented climate change challenges.
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